Divorce

There are relatively few Bible verses which deal with divorce. They have been interpreted by Jewish and Christian theologians down through the years as:

Other religious leaders promote non-Biblical grounds for divorce, including relationship breakdown as evidenced by separation for a defined period.

The Mosaic Law, which historical Christianity believes was handed by God to Moses, assigned a very low status to women. They were generally viewed as inferior to men, as sexual predators, and deceitful and untrustworthy. They were an item of property: A girl was considered to be owned by her father. At marriage, her ownership was transferred to her new husband. Fathers could sell their daughters into slavery. Men could divorce their wives for various reasons. There was no reciprocal arrangement by which women could divorce their husbands.

Some passages relating to divorce from the King James version (KJV) of the Bible:

Is There Life After Divorce?

Divorce is painful. If you have been through a divorce, you need no one to tell you that. Not only do the children get hurt, there are the grandparents, the family, the friends. And who can tell of the pain, of the anger that comes in the middle of the night to the two people who once loved each other above all others?

Once this wreckage is strewn across the lives of a family, how can it all be cleaned up? How can the pain, the hurt, be healed? How can the guilt go away? Can a person be forgiven for the sins that lead to divorce? Can their lives ever be made right again?

The heart and core of Christianity is forgiveness and healing, and yet divorce, for some, has been tantamount to the unpardonable sin. Whatever the penalties, whatever the pain, some preachers conclude that the sinner who has been divorced just has to bear it. Jesus could heal a withered arm. He could give sight to the blind. He could make the crippled walk. He could make the deaf to hear. But according to some teachers, He could not heal the broken lives of the victims of divorce.

Of course Jesus could heal them, but some preachers have said that He would not. In some cases, men who have never been married have constructed mechanistic rules governing the lives of married couples. They have forbidden divorce and remarriage for the victims of divorce. In other cases, men who are married and have never experienced the heartache of divorce have decided that divorced people have to live alone the rest of their lives. They will not allow them to build a new life in a new marriage.

Human beings are not machines. When they are cut they bleed. When they are divorced they hurt. Did Jesus have anything at all to say to the victims of divorce? Fortunately for us He did.

"Is it lawful," the Pharisees asked Him, "for a man to put away his wife for every cause?" There were two major schools of thought at that time. One believed that a man could divorce his wife for almost any reason; the other held that some form of unchastity was the only ground. The Pharisees wanted to know where Jesus stood on the question.

He gave them an answer, though it was not what they expected or wanted. He allowed that men should not divorce their wives at all: "Have ye not read," He replied, "that He which made them at the beginning made them male and female, and said, 'For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they twain shall be one flesh?' Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder" (Matthew 19:4-6).

Jesus' answer was unequivocal and clear, and the Pharisees understood it well enough. Marriage was in the design of God from the beginning and it was permanent. Man was commanded not to "put asunder" what God had joined together. Not only was Jesus opposed to divorce for every cause, He was opposed to divorce for any cause.

The Pharisees were shocked at his reply, and they challenged it immediately: "Why did Moses then command to give a writing of divorcement, and to put her away?" They felt they were on firm ground, because the Law of Moses plainly permitted divorce, and Jesus knew it. He could only acknowledge the truth of what they said: "Moses, because of the hardness of your hearts, suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so."

This statement of Jesus is crucial. With it He establishes what may be the single most important fact in the entire discussion: There was a law "from the beginning," an original law, if you will, and it differed in significant ways from the Law of Moses.

How could this be true? And more important, why?

The specific law in question is found in Deuteronomy 24:

"When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favor in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness [Hebrew: "matter of nakedness"] in her; then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house" (verse 1).

Jesus said this law was given, "because of the hardness of your hearts." In other words, the law was given in response to a set of conditions, existing at the time. Jesus established beyond question that the law stated in Deuteronomy 24 was a judgment,that is, an application of the law to a set of circumstances.

Moses specified a case where a man had found some "uncleanness" in his wife. The Hebrew is "matter of nakedness." The same expression is used extensively in Leviticus 18 and 20 and refers to illicit sexual relationships. In other words, if a man's wife has an affair, he can put her away.

It is sometimes objected that "uncleanness" in this passage cannot mean adultery, because Leviticus 20:10 required the death penalty for adultery. The fact is that the death penalty was authorized but not always carried out. When Joseph found Mary with child, he assumed it was the result of an illicit affair. Since he was a "just man",not afflicted with hardness of heart, he was minded to "put her away" (divorce her) privately (Matthew 1:18-19). On another occasion, Jesus declined to authorize the stoning of a woman taken in the very act of adultery (John 8:3).

The question Moses faced was simple. When sin had entered the picture and destroyed the very foundation of marriage, when a man's wife has slept with another man and he can no longer trust her or live with her, yet does not want to stone her, what should he do? The answer, given with all the authority of God's law, is found in Deuteronomy 24. The man was to make a written document of divorce, give it to the woman, and send her away. She was then free to marry another man.

One primary purpose of this judgment was to protect the rights of the divorced woman. This was not an age when women could readily enter the work force and there was no welfare as we know it. When her husband put her away, her right to remarry was a right to food, shelter, and clothing. It is not often realized that in the ancient world, women were largely treated as chattel. This law not only gave the woman the right to remarry if she were divorced, it prevented the first husband from taking her back against her will. The second marriage took away the first husband's "property rights" (verse 4).

This underlines one other effect of this judgment. There is no case for breaking up a second marriage on the pretext that a woman is somehow bound to the first husband. The second marriage, whether it was right or wrong, ended the first husband's rights. She was not deemed to still be married to the first husband.

Divorce was not a part of the original intent of God's constitution for man. Even under Moses, it was a "necessary evil," a step taken to alleviate the damage of failed marriages, and keep some semblance of order in the home for the sake of the children and for society at large.

When Jesus restated the original intent of marriage, did He reject the law of Moses on this subject? Not at all. When His statement was challenged by the Pharisees, and when He had acknowledged that Moses had indeed given them a law regulating divorce, He went on,

"And I say unto you, Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it be for fornication, and shall marry another, committeth adultery: and whoso marrieth her which is put away doth commit adultery" (Matthew 19:9).

The original word for "fornication" is porneia, and it means "illicit sexual intercourse in general" (Thayer's Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament). Fornication is generally thought of as premarital sexual intercourse, but that is not all it means. Porneia includes premarital sex, homosexuality and adultery. In other words, porneia in Jesus' statement corresponds to "some uncleanness" in Deuteronomy 24.

This means that Jesus accepted the judgment of the law of Moses on divorce and rejected the rabbinical idea of "divorce for every cause."

But why make an exception at all? After all, the law is the law. Why compromise it with judgments and exceptions? The disciples still did not understand. Their conclusion was, "If the case of the man be so with his wife, it is not good to marry." What they said doesn't seem to follow, but at least it prompted Jesus to explain further. In the process, He gave us the reason for the exception clause.

"All men cannot receive this saying, save they to whom it is given. For there are some eunuchs, which are made eunuchs of men; and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it" (Matthew 19:11-12).

The idea Jesus advances is a little obscure at first, but it is firmly based in God's original intent, "And the Lord God said, it is not good that man should be alone" (Genesis 2:18). Man was a good piece of work, but what was included in the design of man was what Freud called the libido (the sexual urge, to you and me). Actually it is not just sex drive, but the drive to love, to be close, to touch, to be intimate with another human being. Most human beings cannot survive without it.

Jesus' disciples, then, seem to have missed the point entirely when they conclude that it was good for a man not to marry (unless they were saying that it was good for the man who was divorced not to marry).

What Jesus is saying in His curious discussion about "eunuchs" is that some men and women cannot remain celibate. Thus, Jesus and Moses both conclude that when a marriage is broken by sexual sin by one of the partners, it is not necessary for the offended party to live alone for the rest of his or her life. But, at least as far as this judgment goes, if a man and a woman divorce for any other reason, they must not marry another. If they do, it is adultery. As Paul puts it,

"And unto the married I command, yet not I, but the Lord, Let not the wife depart from her husband; and let not the husband put away his wife" (I Corinthians 7:10-11).

A couple who are divorced do not have to live celibate lives. They have an option, they can be reconciled. In this case, the sexual urge can serve to bring two people back together. But it does not require a lot of imagination to realize that there are problems with this. In fact, Paul has to deal with a problem that Jesus did not address, the problem of marriages divided, not by infidelity, but by religion.

The Corinthians had written Paul about several questions, and he was systematically addressing them. Unfortunately, we do not have the letter from the Corinthians to Paul. It would be of enormous value in understanding the Corinthian letters, but we can draw some inferences from what we read.

The subject of divorce and remarriage is addressed in the seventh chapter and is introduced by the curious statement, "Now concerning the things whereof ye wrote unto me: It is good for a man not to touch a woman." Since we know that it is not wrong for a man to touch a woman (Hebrews 13:4), we must assume he is referring to something in their letters. Indeed, later in this chapter, he will acknowledge that much of what he is saying is said only because of the "present distress" (verse 26).

Having made this statement, he goes on to say: "Nevertheless, to avoid fornication, let every man have his own wife, and let every woman have her own husband." Like Jesus, Paul acknowledges the physical needs of men and women. He knew that an attempt to impose celibacy would lead to fornication. In verses 3 through 6, he outlines the intimate responsibilities of husbands and wives to one another.

Paul, like Jesus, knew that the ability to remain celibate was a gift that some had and some did not have:

"For I would that all men were even as myself. But every man hath his proper gift of God, one after this manner, and another after that. I say therefore to the unmarried and widows, It is good for them if they abide even as I. But if they cannot contain, let them marry; for it is better to marry than to burn" (verses 7-9).

Note that the same word "unmarried" is the same word used in verse 11 for divorced women. The "unmarried and widows" in this passage are two categories of formerly married women. Paul says, if they cannot control themselves, "let them marry."

But Paul stands opposed to divorce:

"And unto the married I command: yet not I, but the Lord, Let the wife not depart from her husband: But and if she departs, let her remain unmarried, or be reconciled to her husband; and let not the husband put away his wife" (verses 10-11).

Having said all this, he is still left with a problem, not a few of the Greek converts were married to "unbelieving" mates. These were not Christian husbands with different doctrinal beliefs, but pagans who did not believe in Jesus Christ at all. What was a woman to do if she was abandoned by such a man?

Paul begins by saying, "But to the rest speak I, not the Lord" (verses 12). He is rendering a judgment, and Paul's judgment can be just as binding as the Law of Moses. His judgment in this matter follows:

"If any brother hath a wife that believeth not, and she be pleased to dwell with him, let him not put her away. And a woman who hath a husband that believeth not, and if he be pleased to dwell with her, let her not leave him...But if the unbelieving depart, let him depart. A brother or a sister is not under bondage in such cases; but God hath called us to peace" (verses 12-15).

Is Paul adding another "exception clause" for divorce? In the first place, he declares that religious differences are no excuse for breaking up a marriage. Marriage is just as binding for Christian/pagan marriages as it is for marriages between converted mates.

However, this is not the case if the unbelieving mate abandons the marriage. When that happens, a brother or sister is not "under bondage." In other words, they are free, loosed from the marriage bond. Paul speaks of marriage in terms of "binding and loosing" twice more in the chapter. Once in verse 27, "Art thou bound unto a wife? Seek not to be loosed. Art thou loosed from a wife? Seek not a wife," and again in verse 39, "The wife is bound by the law as long as her husband liveth." Paul is plainly saying that a woman deserted by an unbelieving mate is not bound to her husband, she is free to remarry.

Then it would seem that Paul is indeed adding another exception to the one given by Moses and Jesus. Did he have the right to do that? There are some things to consider. First is Jesus' statement to all the apostles that they had the power to make "binding and loosing" decisions (Matthew 16:19 and 18:18). Nowhere is this wording more appropriate than in matters of marriage and divorce. Second, there is a strong presumption that a pagan mate who abandons his Christian wife will not remain celibate, that he will commit sexual sins and thus invalidate marriage. Just because the wife cannot prove it should not condemn her to a life of celibacy, or worse, to a life of sin because she cannot remain celibate.

Perhaps the most important thing to understand is that Moses, Jesus and Paul were not creating "exception clauses." They were rendering judgments. Jesus was addressing essentially the same people Moses addressed. Paul was not. Had Jesus addressed the Corinthian church directly there is no reason to think He would have said anything different from Paul.

But Paul had one more difficulty to address; that of the divorce and the remarriage that is already an established fact. One or both of a married couple had divorced a previous mate without legitimate grounds. Paul addressed the problem this way:

"Brethren, let every man, wherein he is called, therein abide with God. Now concerning virgins I have no commandment of the Lord; yet I give my judgment, as one that hath obtained mercy of the Lord to be faithful. I suppose therefore that this is good for the present distress, I say that it is good for a man so to be. Art thou bound unto a wife? Seek not to be loosened. Art thou loosed from a wife (divorced)? Seek not a wife. But and if thou marry, thou hast not sinned" (verses 24-28).

This passage speaks to the newly converted at the time of his calling. It assumes that reconciliation with the former mate is out of the question.

The time of a person's calling is pivotal. One's whole life turns on the point of baptism, because at baptism we die to the past. This is just as true of divorce as it is of any other sin. In another letter, Paul says:

"Know ye not, brethren, (for I speak to them that know the law), how that the law hath dominion over a man as long as he liveth; but if the husband be dead, she is loosed from the law of her husband" (Romans 7:1-2).

Compare this with what he says in an earlier chapter:

"Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into His death? Therefore we are buried with Him by baptism into death; that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we should also walk in newness of life. Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with Him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. For He that is dead is free from sin" (Romans 6:3-7).

There is no requirement for the man or woman who is baptized to go back and try to make up for all the sins of the past. As far as the law is concerned, they are dead. The penalty has been exacted. No former obligations, including the penalty for divorce, can be enforced. They are free to walk in a new life. There is never a case for splitting up an existing marriage and home to try to right some past wrong. God hates divorce, and He hates second and third ones as He does the first.

There will always be questions about divorce and remarriage that will require judgment. What about a woman who learns she has married an alcoholic, or a child abuser? What if she fears her life is in danger? Naturally she can flee to a crisis center, but can she divorce such a man? Almost certainly. This is the reason God established a set of judges under Moses (Deuteronomy 17:8-13), and under Christ (Matthew 16:19 and 18:18).

Those who judge righteous judgment will always take the high ground of Jesus' statement first:

"Have ye not read, that He which made them at the beginning made them male and female, and said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife; and they twain shall be one flesh? Wherefore they are no more twain, but one flesh. What therefore God hath joined together, let no man put asunder."

But if they remember Jesus' caution, "I will have mercy and not sacrifice," they will also work to bind up the brokenhearted and to heal the spirit wounded by divorce. Divorce is not the unpardonable sin. The ravages of divorce can be forgiven and healed like any other wound.

	Genesis 2:24: Becoming one flesh: The Bible discusses a man "cleaving unto his wife." "Cleave" is a translation of the Hebrew word "dabaq" which means to make a permanent alliance with (Joshua 23:12, Ruth 1:14, 2 Samuel 20:2). In its noun form, the word refers to soldering two pieces of metal together. Some theologians have suggested that this term refers to permanent actions -- those that cannot be undone. Thus, the passage implies that divorce is impossible. "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh."
	Exodus 21:7-11: Fate of a woman sold into slavery: If a father decides to sell his daughter as a slave, she is not automatically released after 6 years service; she is a slave for life. (The term "maidservant" in the KJV has become a mistranslation in modern English; it really means female slave ). If she does not satisfy her owner, then her father (or a close kinsman) may buy her back. If the woman's new owner takes her as a wife or concubine, then she is no longer considered his slave. If her owner gives her to his son as a wife or concubine, then she becomes a daughter of the original owner, not his slave. If she becomes a wife and her husband marries another woman, then he must maintain her standard of living and level of sexual activity. Otherwise, she can simply leave her husband at no charge, and become, in essence, a divorced woman. "And if a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out as the menservants do. If she please not her master, who hath betrothed her to himself, then shall he let her be redeemed: to sell her unto a strange nation he shall have no power, seeing he hath dealt deceitfully with her. And if he have betrothed her unto his son, he shall deal with her after the manner of daughters. If he take him another wife; her food, her raiment, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish. And if he do not these three unto her, then shall she go out free without money."
	Deuteronomy 21:10-14: Divorce of a female prisoner of war: A soldier could kidnap any enemy woman that appealed to him, keep her in his house for a month, and then engage in sexual intercourse (consensual or forced rape). If he becomes dissatisfied with her, then he can, in essence, divorce her. But he was not allowed to sell her as a slave. "When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive, And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife; Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house; and she shall...bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife. And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her."
	Deuteronomy 24:1-4: Divorce of a woman because of loose behavior: A man could force his wife to divorce him, if he found that she had committed an indecent act. She could remarry. But if her second husband died or divorced her, she could not return to her first husband. There was no similar procedure for a husband who is guilty of indecency. The act referred to is probably not adultery, because it would have been punished by death. It was probably behaving immodestly or excessively friendly towards other men. "When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house. And when she is departed out of his house, she may go and be another man's wife. And if the latter husband hate her, and write her a bill of divorcement, and giveth it in her hand, and sendeth her out of his house; or if the latter husband die, which took her to be his wife; Her former husband, which sent her away, may not take her again to be his wife, after that she is defiled; for that is abomination before the LORD: and thou shalt not cause the land to sin, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance."
	Ezra 10:1-16: Forced divorce of foreign wives: In the 5 to 7 decades that the Jews had remained in Babylonian captivity, many had taken foreign wives. This opened up the possibility of introducing Pagan beliefs and practices into Israel society. The people confess their sinful behavior and decide to abandon their foreign wives and any children that had been born. The fate of the women whose marriages were terminated, and of her children, is unknown. "Shechaniah...answered and said unto Ezra, We have trespassed against our God, and have taken strange wives of the people of the land: yet now there is hope in Israel concerning this thing. Now therefore let us make a covenant with our God to put away all the wives, and such as are born of them, according to the counsel of my lord, and of those that tremble at the commandment of our God; and let it be done according to the law."
	Nehemiah 13:23-30: Forced divorce of foreign wives: This is similar to the passage in Ezra. However, this time, the Prophet reacts with violence towards the Jewish men who had married foreign wives. Once again, the men divorced their wives: "In those days also saw I Jews that had married wives of Ashdod, of Ammon, and of Moab...And I [Nehemiah] contended with them, and cursed them, and smote certain of them, and plucked off their hair, and made them swear by God, saying, Ye shall not give your daughters unto their sons, nor take their daughters unto your sons, or for yourselves."
	Esther 1:10-19: A Pagan divorce based on wifely disobedience: The Persian king Ahasuerus ordered that one of his wives, Vashti, be brought into the presence of himself and his guests, wearing her crown. She refused for some unknown reason. Early rabbinic interpreters speculated that perhaps she was expected to wear only the crown. She is seen to have insulted the King, the Princes and all of the other people in the empire. He divorces her, and leaves her penniless. "On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded...the seven chamberlains that served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king, To bring Vashti the queen before the king with the crown royal, to shew the people and the princes her beauty: for she was fair to look on. But the queen Vashti refused to come at the king's commandment by his chamberlains: therefore was the king very wroth, and his anger burned in him... Vashti the queen hath not done wrong to the king only, but also to all the princes, and to all the people that are in all the provinces of the king Ahasuerus...let it be written among the laws of the Persians and the Medes, that it be not altered, That Vashti come no more before king Ahasuerus; and let the king give her royal estate unto another that is better than she."
	Jeremiah 3:1: God accepting Israel back: This passage expands on Deuteronomy 24:1-4 which prohibited a woman, who has been divorced and remarried, from returning to her first husband and remarrying him. The author drew a parallel between the remarriage of a divorcee, and God forgiving Israel. God was "willing to do the unthinkable. He was willing to take back" Israel, even though they had backslid many times: ₂ "They say, If a man put away his wife, and she go from him, and become another man's, shall he return unto her again? shall not that land be greatly polluted? but thou hast played the harlot with many lovers; yet return again to me, saith the LORD."
	Malachi 2:14-16: Divorce is detestable: "Marriage is a solemn agreement before God; hence those who divorce their wives are guilty not merely of covenant breaking but of blasphemy."₃God hates divorce. "Yet ye say, Wherefore? Because the LORD hath been witness between thee and the wife of thy youth, against whom thou hast dealt treacherously: yet is she thy companion, and the wife of thy covenant...Therefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his youth. For the LORD, the God of Israel, saith that he hateth putting away...therefore take heed to your spirit, that ye deal not treacherously."

	Allowing men to divorce their wives for various reasons.
	Prohibiting divorce except for adultery, or desertion.
	Forbidding divorce totally.